were the extreme conditions of this case that allowed him to venture into the unknown.
So unknown to provoke disturbing questions by authoritative scientists
Mario Bruschi - Physics - University 'La Sapienza of Rome: " Some theorists say that there' a chance 'in the course of 'experiment there is a situation which could lead to the destruction of mankind, plants, animals all over the planet. This' risk, that the danger to which you can 'meet'.
Alvaro De Rujula - Physics - Cern in Geneva "The risks are remote that were discussed at least three. One and 'that during one of these collisions of particles containing a lot of energy, to form a black hole. The black hole, 'an object that can' absorb everything 'around him without spitting anything out. For example can 'swallow the Earth itself. It's a chance 'so' remote that the experiment fails, that even if every country in the world decided to do this experiment there would be no risk to anyone.
The only thing that has raised more than 'concern in the discussion about the experiences related to the LHC has to do with collisions between heavy atomic nuclei will be,' cause some scientists thought that they could generate a new state similar to the nuclear black hole capable of swallowing what ' around him, including Earth. "
Carlo Bernardini - Physics - University 'La Sapienza, Rome; " In these experiments produces the material that does not exist in nature. This matter can 'get property' to be omnivorous in that it begins to absorb the material and turn it around on this new type. Creates a kind of avalanche that course and 'incompatible with life and with an endless' things. The risk and 'that. "
Carlo Bernardini: " And how do you '? Once the field is growing, if the growth and' very fast ... we do not know what could happen ..."
Alvaro De Rujula: "The nuclear physics to understand a bit 'less well, in this case we can not do the calculations completely convincing to say that these things do not produranno."
"According to the theoretical physicists since the universe exists cosmic rays in the galaxy collided billions of times, just as they would in the experiment, and it 's never happened anything catastrophic. "
" And what is' the answer? "
Carlo Bernardini: "The answer 'and that' most likely not happen, and this is 'a bit' ugly ...".
"But the experiments that will be here at CERN are totally safe?"
The nature of research and 'doing things that one does not know the meaning in them is in wanting to get to know the answer. Let the questions of nature and the nature and tells us how 'done, but we are not always able to understand how things will be. Sometimes we are, sometimes we're not. "
Meanwhile work on the construction of the LHC at CERN in Geneva will continue.
"It means that these doubts do not bother anyone?"
"Meanwhile, however, that the Board evaluates' jobs continue to move forward, costing billions. And if the Board were to say that the risk and 'more' significant than what you think? "
Luciano Maiani: "I am personally convinced that these results will be in the positive sense, and yet 'clear that substantial doubt whether the problem arises must' be reviewed. It was just posing the problem but the problem does not seem to have a foundation which gives concern. "
"So the risk is not there '?" We are risk-free? "
Alvaro De Rujula "A physicist can not 'say never zero risk, because' zero does not exist. What one has to wonder, and 'What' the probability 'that this happens, if the odds' that something like this happens and 'that will not happen' nothing in ten billion years can rest easy. "
Mario Bruschi: "If I say that the odds', in the more 'pessimistic, and' that in a million years will occur 'once, I do not mean that there will be' the millionth year, could occur tomorrow . The odds 'and' of this kind. "
And while in Europe, work is continuing on the collider more 'powerful nation on Earth, in America, which are more and more' forward, four months ago in New York near Brookhaven Lab have started with the first experiment, just what we talking about.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY - Thomas Ludlam-Physical: on accelerating gold atoms in two rings in five km, which are just below this hill before us. It is the first time that a machine created by man can accelerate particles to the speed 'of light. Then we make them collide head-on, in this way we reconstruct the field at the moment of its creation. "
" But what benefits will emerge from these collisions? Can you find ways to defeat cancer? Or to solve the energy problem? "
Thomas Ludlam "For the moment we do not see any practical application. It is pure curiosity 'scientific. But' what we know and 'that every time you and' a step forward in understanding the material after thirty, forty or a hundred years there have been benefits for all. "
These experiments are expensive, only accelerators cost six hundred million dollars and everything was ready when a committee chaired by Robert Jaffe 's Institute of Technology Massacchussets of Boston has made a risk assessment. But Who Were this committee? Experts from completely unrelated to the project?
Robert Jaffe - Institute of Technology of Massacchussets: "by outside experts, not strangers to this type of research involved, but then somehow outside. The result is' that our theoretical calculations can not tell us whether the Universe as a whole can change its state, we have sufficient knowledge of the basic theory of matter. We have made assessments based on facts that occur, the collisions that are made in the laboratory of Long Island are the same that occur in space. Cosmic rays have clashed billion times and you had eaten the stars we would not be here to do the experiment. However, the first experiment 'was done and it' all right. "
Francesco Calogero-Physical - Universita ' La Sapienza: "The odds' to produce this murderous plot and 'small. If this probability' and 'little that has not produced quickly does not guarantee that it can not be produced more' late. So from this point of view is not 'true that if the experiment' began, and has not 'happened just a disaster a catastrophe can not' take place later. "
Mario Bruschi: "This decision to go with the experiment although it is not reliably estimated the probability 'of an event so' catastrophic as the destruction of the planet, and 'an absurd decision , stupid, and above all, and irrational 'decision immoral. If I were Catholic and I would say that 'a decision by a sinful religious point of view. "
Robert Jaffe: " The communities' scientific' compact does not care. "
Mario Bruschi: "Let the experts tell us that tomorrow," Okay, the odds' and 'one in a billion billion ", what' the threshold of a reasonable risk?
Alvaro De Rujula: "When a chance 'so calculated' pessimistic and 'more' smaller one in a billion, no one cares."
Mario Bruschi: "I mean ' As this probability should be small 'cause we run the risk of so-called reasonable to endanger our lives, plant life, animal life, the life of the whole Earth and the Earth itself, one in a billion billion ? One in a billion billion billion? Where does the reasonable risk? ".
Alvaro De Rujula: " 'Cause if one takes care of this would bother a lot of other things equally probable. For example there is a strong wind in central Africa, raised a rhino, just let us fall on his head. These probabilities are 'the same type. "
Mario Bruschi: "I think these arguments are unacceptable because 'if a supernova explodes a meteor hits us and we can not do anything, catastrophic events are beyond' our chance 'to step in and outside of our responsibility'. The question instead on the possibility 'of us start an experiment that could lead to the destruction of the Earth and' our responsibility '. "
You can not 'get to explain anything, we are in their hands and we must trust. What we like and know 'if those who allocate funds for research are informed from time to time on the type of experiments are done and what tools they have to act, evaluate and, if and' the case, stop.
Eliano Pessa - Teaching Artificial Intelligence - Universita 'Pavia: "The politician is in trouble' to decide on matters that are not entirely within its jurisdiction. Pero 'of course this can' make use of people it deems relevant. and go 'in search of who? Some people at the national level are considered on a scientific level as those of' representative of the country and it 'also makes sense that you do this, and' clear that the people who have entered in this same system, can not speak ill of their world where they are inserted, and then will support the needs' of running the research that they themselves are in charge. And then the game continues.
There 's just a worm. We're working to find the origin of matter to read the mind of God and a solution to the problem more' urgent as the world's oil, as a source energy, or the internal combustion engine, as producer of pollution, and not 'move an inch, and' yet to catch a century ago. Is this normal?
Luciano Maiani: "I I think that the problem 'that oil costs too little, then do not invest in appropriate research. "
Eliano Pessa: " Those in power try to prevent the economic development of technologies, and in fact 'for this reason that the internal combustion engine so hard' time and technology are more 'or less the same. Because 'there' no interest in the implementation of a new technology. "
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